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105187, Russia, Moscow, Shcherbakovskaya str. 53B
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Transport infrastructure

Defence of airports and heliports from drones and UAVs

Complexes of protection of airports, heliports, airfields from illegal use of drones and UAVs.

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Defence of airports and heliports from drones and UAVs

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Company "Rubezh-Engineering" has experience in designing and creating complexes and systems to protect objects from threats posed by unauthorized use of UAVs. The company's competencies are confirmed by necessary certifications and research from specialized laboratories.

Due to the unsettled international situation, airport security services are shifting their focus to new threats. According to publicly available sources, from 2020 to 2021, the number of visual sightings of drones at European airports increased by 74%, including:

A 305% increase in the number of flights near airports from 2019 to 2021;
An average of 5-10 drone sightings per month at each airport;
Night flights of UAVs, which inherently raise more concerns, also increased by 11% (2019), 15% (2020), and 17% (2021).

Since the beginning of 2020, programs have been launched worldwide to detect and mitigate the consequences of drone flights at airports, aiming to make airspace safer for passengers and aircraft from drone threats.

Company "Rubezh-Engineering" offers services for the design, manufacturing, and supply of equipment to protect airports from unauthorized use of drones and UAVs as part of tasks to ensure anti-terrorism security.

Architecture of the TDK Barrier RI Kupol

The company "Rubezh-Engineering," based on its own expertise and manufactured equipment, scientific developments, and many years of cooperation with leading security solution providers, creates solutions to protect critical infrastructures from UAV threats.

Architecture of the TPK 'Barrier RI Kupol'

The Tactical Defense Kit "Barrier RI Kupol" ensures the tasks of detection, classification, and suppression of drones.

Threat Model Development

Learn more about threat model development for UAV object protection

The number and composition of the defenkit for different local protection systems may vary depending on the characteristics of the object, the surrounding areas, and the developed threat model.

Additionally, the characteristics of the kit will differ based on the frequency range of the jamming signals, the structure, and the power levels of these signals.

According to the emission sector, the protection systems are divided into:

Omnidirectional, creating a protective dome;
Sectoral.

Depending on the configuration and size of the objects, the adopted threat model, the expected types of UAVs, and the characteristics of their communication systems, protection of objects can employ either only "dome" or "sectoral" types, or a combination of both.

Question answer

We need to protect the facility against drones. What can you offer?

We offer a security system preventing drones from trespassing borders of your facility and causing any damage to it. The system consists of a transmitters set, which is united by a common monitoring and control system, and jams control and navigation channels on different frequencies.

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Equipment operating principle

The "Barrier RI Kupol" UAV protection complex is basically a multi-frequency system of radio-electronic suppression of radio control channels and satellite navigation, which provides effective influence on UAV receiving devices in a constant mode or based on signals from external detectors.

The effect of electronic suppression and blocking of the controlled flight of a UAV is achieved by creating in each frequency range at the input of these receiving devices a power density of the interference signal that exceeds the level of the control or navigation signal. However, that's not all. Due to the extremely complex structure of such signals, the use of pseudo-random frequency hopping mode (PRFC - more than 1000 jumps per second) and other on-board interference rejection systems in their formation, interference signals are generated according to certain algorithms in software using special devices.

Thus, our devices are not literally primitive “jammers” but are essentially a software and hardware complex.

Our systems have a multi-position structure, which allows:

influence the UAV from different angles and level its capabilities for spatial detuning from interference,
take into account complex terrain, object configuration, exclude “dead zones” (areas in which radio interference signals do not propagate);
take into account the radio frequency layout of the facility (maximize the impact on radio equipment at the facility itself or nearby facilities);
ensure sanitary standards for radiation levels of microwave signals.

An important advantage of the system is its open architecture and the ability to integrate with any security system already installed at the facility.

What is your defense system, what does it consist of and how does it work?

The local protection system (LPS) of an object is a set of protection complexes (SC) “BARRIER RI Kupol” united by a common task to be solved and a monitoring and control system .

Depending on the configuration of the object, its location, terrain, the presence of high-altitude objects around, the need to ensure electromagnetic compatibility with radio devices located at the object, the degree and nature of threats (threat models), the number and composition of short circuits for different LPS may be different. Each such complex may include a different set of object protection devices (RPDs), which are radio jammers for drone radio communication channels (onboard receivers of control signals, including control signals for FPV drones and satellite navigation signals). RCDs (interference transmitters) differ in the operating frequency range at which interference signals are emitted, the structure (type) and level (power) of such signals (which in turn correspond to the structure, frequency ranges and level (power) of the Drone control and navigation signals) . In addition, to create interference signals of different frequency ranges that are sufficiently effective in structure and level, different numbers of RCDs are required.

In one case there may be 1–2, in another – 4 or more. The need to increase the number of transmitters of interference signals in the same frequency range is caused not only by the need to increase the output power of such a signal, but also mainly by the complex structure of drone control signals and the increasingly improved anti-jamming system of drones.

The composition of the RC “Barrier RI Kupol” may include:

up to 4 BARRIER 1.0 devices. Suppression of UAV control channels in the frequency range 2390–2500 MHz;
up to 4 BARRIER 1.1 devices. Suppression of control channels (including FPV - Drones) in the frequency range 5715–5860 MHz;
up to 4 BARRIER 1.4 devices. Suppression of control channels in the frequency range 5150–5250 MHz);
at least one BARRIER 1.2 device. Suppression of control channels (including FPV - Drones) in the frequency range 420–460 MHz);
at least one device “BARRIER 1.3. Suppression of control channels (including FPV - Drones) in the frequency range 855–930 MHz;
at least one BARRIER 1.5 device. Suppression of control channels (including FPV - Drones) in the frequency range 1180–1220 MHz;
at least two BARRIER N devices. Suppression of satellite navigation channels.

In addition, the “Barrier RI Kupol” short circuit can include radio frequency detectors of video signals and telemetry signals of basic frequencies (2400 and 5800 MHz), emitted by the drone’s transmitting devices - RFD (radio frequency detectors). Depending on the area of the object, the conditions of its location, the radio frequency background around the object (the presence of noise, interference at these and other frequencies in the area of the object), the threat model, a different number of RFD of different frequency ranges can be included in the short circuit.

The Rubezh-Engineering company specializes in the production of two main modifications of anti-drone systems – stationary and mobile.

The first ones are intended for installation on the cover of stationary objects (enterprises of various industries, objects of the oil and gas and chemical industries, transport and energy industries) and, as a rule, are mounted on a permanent basis on already constructed structures (buildings, structures, stationary fences, lighting points or towers radio or television communications). They are designated “Barrier RI Kupol-S” and are connected to the electrical networks already deployed at the sites. To control and manage such complexes, wired communication channels existing at the facility are mainly used. KZ "Barrier RI Kupol-S" can be integrated into the technical security system already created at the facility (ACS, video surveillance system, pyramidal security or fire safety).

Mobile complexes are intended mainly to cover temporary objects with variable deployment or objects located in facilities unequipped in terms of engineering, as well as vehicles in parking lots (stops) or in motion (various vehicles, sea and river vessels, drilling platforms, trains ). They have the designation KZ “Barrier RI Kupol-M”. They can be placed on both stationary and movable structures (tripods, pipe stands), as well as mounted on trees or other natural objects.

The LPS, built from the Barrier RI Kupol, of various compositions, provides round-the-clock, year-round protection of objects (provides for a mode of constant radiation of radio interference) in any meteorological and climatic conditions.

In addition, a controlled operating mode of the LPS is provided, which allows you to turn on and off the short circuit "Barrier RI Kupol" in automatic (based on signals from detection equipment) or in automated (based on operator/duty commands) modes, depending on the air situation or for other reasons.

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We want this system to detect the location of the drone operator.

We don't do that.

The location of the drone operator can be determined if you know the exact number - the identifier (ID) of such a drone or detect it using radio reconnaissance equipment (SRR).

ID - only the manufacturer of DJI drones knows and such devices are produced only by DJI. They are called “AEROSCOPE” and cost up to 15 million rubles. However, they cannot say anything about the debts of other manufacturing companies. There are already hundreds of these companies .

That is, it is simply useless.

In order to detect a drone operator using SRR, it is necessary that it be in close proximity to the object and not be placed behind a radio-opaque obstacle: a house, a forest, a mountain…. Otherwise, the CPP simply will not see the signal from the remote control. Even for mini and micro drones, the remote control range can be 5-15 km. And for homemade drones – hundreds of km. Therefore, detecting the operator is extremely difficult and unnecessary. By the time you are looking for him, he will have long left the place where he was. This is a practice developed during the SVO.

We want to detect drones and keep records of when and where they are detected.

We do not recommend making your facility's UAV security system dependent on any existing detection means

We can install a radio frequency detection system for Drones at your facility (detection of signals emitted by the transmitting devices of the drone itself in the direction of the control panel (video signals and telemetry signals (current state and operating modes of the drone systems) - radio frequency detectors (RFD) that detect radiation from Drones at the most common frequencies (900 MHz, 1.2 GHz, 2.4, 5.8 GHz GHz) at a distance (depending on the type of RFD antenna): directional (in a 60 degree sector) – up to 2 km; omnidirectional (360 degrees) – up to 1 km; .2 km.

In addition, we have the opportunity to offer you radar (SART) and optoelectronic (EOE) detection tools for the Drones of our partners, as well as integrate them into a single detection network using special software with the output of detection results to automated workstations (AWS).

However, we always strive to explain to our customers as honestly as possible all the disadvantages and advantages of purchasing and installing such additional equipment.

Firstly, it is very expensive. An order of magnitude, and sometimes even two or three times more expensive than the creation of a permanently operating (in constant readiness) system for protecting an object, created only on the basis of means of electronic interference to the control and navigation channels of Drones (the “Barrier RI Dome” protection complex).

Secondly, existing detection (intelligence) means (radar - RLR, optical OER, acoustic AR, thermal imaging TR), unfortunately, are not effective enough to detect such targets as miniature unmanned aerial vehicles.

This is due to the physics of the processes themselves, detection, features of detection means and flight technical and design features of mini-UAVs.

In particular.

HRD tools do not allow detecting mini-UAVs with high reliability:

due to their extremely small size (the radar signals reflected from the UAV are so small that they practically do not differ from the background of noise and interference from other reflecting surrounding objects);
the ability to fly at extremely low altitudes - several meters above the ground (which also makes it impossible to distinguish between signals reflected from a drone and almost exactly the same signals reflected from the ground, trees, houses, etc.);
the ability to move at extremely low speeds (less than 5 meters per second), stop and “hover” during flight, which does not allow the use of the main radar method for detecting low-altitude targets, called Doppler, to detect UAVs.

OER means are highly dependent on the time of day and weather conditions. In practice, mini-UAVs can be detected, recognized and tracked by modern OER means at a distance of no more than 500–700 m (maximum) only during the day in clear weather, against the background of relatively contrasting objects. Moreover, such a focal range will be provided only in a very narrow sector (no more than 3–6 degrees). To survey the entire space around an object, it will take a very long time (during which the drone will already fly to the object) or many similar optical-electronic devices (costing 2-3 million each).

Acoustic reconnaissance (AR) means are low in effectiveness in areas where there is urban, natural (for example, forest, wind) and industrial noise, which can completely block sound signals from mini-UAV electric motors. The detection range does not exceed 100–200 m.

AR means can be quite effective (especially at night and in calm weather) for detecting mid-class aircraft-type UAVs equipped with two or four stroke internal combustion engines (such as “Geranium”, “Bairoktar”).

Television reconnaissance (TR) equipment has low efficiency due to the very low thermal signature of UAVs. The thermal contrast of modern UAVs allows them to be detected with low probability at a distance of no more than 100–200 m. Moreover, UAVs with electric motors are usually not detected.

Electronic reconnaissance equipment (RTR) - our radio frequency signals make it possible to stably detect remotely controlled UAVs, but only if they themselves emit any radio signals. If a drone flies according to a “program” in the so-called radio silence mode, it is not possible to detect it using RTR means.

CONCLUSION.

At the moment, there are no sufficiently reliable methods and means for detecting mini-UAVs. The probability of correct detection can range from 5-10 to 30-50%, and the probability of false alarms can be too high.

You can probably increase the probability of detection, for example up to 70%, by combining all possible detection methods. But this path also remains insufficiently reliable and carries the risk that at the decisive moment the protection system will not fulfill its task.

What happens to the UAV when control and navigation signals are suppressed?

There are three possible scenarios when suppressing a UAV:

If the control signal is lost, the UAV, depending on the algorithm of its software, will either return to the landing point or make an emergency landing.
If the satellite navigation signal is lost, the UAV will switch to flight using the on-board inertial navigation system (if available), while returning to the starting point will be practically impossible, and an emergency landing may be hard. Control of a UAV in the event of a loss of navigation signal can only be carried out by a trained operator who has encountered similar situations.
If control and navigation signals are lost at the same time, the probability of a UAV crash is high.

For UAVs flying along a route specified by the flight program (in radio silence mode), as a rule, in any case, constant or periodic adjustment of this route is required using a global navigation satellite system. Therefore, suppression of navigation channels for such UAVs also remains critical.

Comparative analysis of unmanned aerial vehicle detection tools

Characteristic	Radar (combined active radars)	Electronic intelligence (passive radars)	Optical visible	Optical infrared	Acoustic
Daytime detection	+	+	+	+	+
Night time detection	+	+	-	+	+
Detection. in conditions of passive interference	+	+	+	+	+
Possibility of identification	+	+	+	+	+
Detection in difficult weather conditions	+	+	-	-	-
Maintenance and connection of routes	+	-	+	+	+
Range	high	high	average	average	low

How does the equipment operation affect cellular, digital TV, and other data transmission signals?

Before you equip your facility with any protection system based on electronic interference against the UAVs threat, , you should know that the remote radio control of these UAVs is carried out, as a rule, on frequencies coinciding with the frequency ranges of various networks of wide and specialized communications (trunking - 433 MHz, GSM - 900, 1800 and 2100 MHz, WI-FI - 2400, 5200, 5800 MHz). Reception of signals of global navigation satellite system of UAV is also carried out by standard radio channels GPS, GLONASS, etc.

Therefore, when switching on the "Barrier RI Kupol" protection complex in the radius of action of jamming devices, there may be a short-term or permanent, partial or significant decrease in the quality of communication in these frequency ranges. The principles of operation and manufacturing technologies of our products allow us to form directional fields of electronic interference, "bypassing" the antennas of your receiving devices and keep communication stable. We carefully choose the places of installation of jammers and try to ensure their minimal impact on the means of communication, especially those providing technological processes of your object.

However, the laws of radiophysics are inexorable. The frequencies of UAV control channels are set by their manufacturers, and there is no other way but to suppress control signals on these frequencies.

You must decide for yourself what your priorities are: comfortable radio communication in all frequency ranges or safety!

Our specialists will help you to study the radio frequency plan of your object and choose the optimal equipment composition, its installation locations and modes of operation.

What are the differences and advantages of the Barrier RI Kupol complex you offer from competitors.

When developing and creating the Barrier RI Kupol defense complex, many years of experience of the company’s scientists and designers, deep knowledge of the theory of radio physics, radar and electronic warfare, domestic and foreign experience in creating an air defense system for critical facilities were used.

The basic principle underlying the Barrier RI Kupol short circuit is its spatially distributed structure (multi-position), which makes it possible to detect UAVs and carry out radio-electronic interference on them simultaneously from several directions, with different emitted frequencies and structure of radio interference signals. In turn, this allows:

limit the power of emitted interference signals at the level of sanitary standards;
significantly reduce the effectiveness of the drone’s noise protection system (due to the need for special software to simultaneously take into account several directions of the drone’s exposure to interference).

Additional benefits include:

Operational configuration of the complex for emerging tasks and the geometry of the protected object (creation of “barriers” in threatened directions; creation of a “dome” of protection over the object; formation in one or more echelons);
Electromagnetic compatibility, environmental friendliness, high secrecy (the Complex does not create radio-electronic interference to other electronic zones);
Information compatibility with any other means of detection, communication, control and display;
Compatibility with other means of neutralizing UAVs;
Profitability of use;
Compliance with the required levels of microwave radiation, sanitary and hygienic standards and rules; possibility of use in populated areas;
Creation of large-scale object protection fields to detect objects capable of moving in the air and cross-border environments;
It is possible to use third-party (foreign) illumination sources, which significantly reduces the cost of the RRS and makes it completely “invisible”;
Elimination of gaps in the visibility zones of combined radars in hard-to-reach and rugged (mountainous) terrain;
Ensuring resistance to interference;
Simple modular design;
Independence from external sources of illumination signal;
Combination of a backlight transmitter and a jammer in one device;
Low cost;
Small weight and size indicators;
Low power consumption;
Autonomy.

More about Barrier RI Kupol

How is the training on working with Rubezh-Engineering equipment arranged?

Our company’s equipment’s design and manufacture are based on the basic principle of air defense "Constant Readiness" and "High Security". These principles, among other things, stipulate efficiency and minimal human involvement in operation of complexes, almost self-contained operation of equipment’s and high MTBF.

It allows to control the equipment’s operation and necessary service works on its maintenance even by specialists without any profiled qualification.

We conduct training of complex’s operating during its installation or remotely. This training does not take much time.

How to become a partner / distributor of Rubezh-Engineering?

You need to contact us and our specialists will meet with you.

It is necessary to decide: which way you want to build a partnership:

as a contractor doing a certain type of work or supplier of components, materials;
a contractor for construction, installation, commissioning and acceptance tests at the facilities of a certain region or industry;
a partner in applied or exploratory research;
an integrator of our equipment that being put in a raw with equipment produced by your company or another company in order to increase the efficiency of the new system;
agency relationship, which entails qualified actions aimed on promoting our products in various (agreed) market segments to ensure sales growth and payment for these actions;
dealer relationships, which may be based on traditional business practices and entail certain mutual obligations of contract parties.

Dealer and agency agreements are formalized by relevant contracts and include a system of flexible discounts for company's devices. Discounts depend on the sales volume.

We are ready to discuss all these and other types of cooperation in a meaningful discussion.

How is it possible to see a demo of the Barrier UAV defence system?

We are ready to discuss the terms of our equipment’s operating demonstration.

Please send us your request.

Сheck out our video presentation.

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